Tuberculosis: Everything You Need to Know

-

 

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s oldest and deadliest infectious diseases. Despite medical advances, TB remains a major global health threat, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Each year, millions are infected, and over a million die from TB-related complications. The good news? TB is preventable, treatable, and curable with the right approach. HIV weakens immunity and increases TB risk — read our HIV Awareness article.This article explores everything you need to know about tuberculosis — from its causes to treatment and prevention.

What is Tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can spread to other organs (extrapulmonary TB) such as the kidneys, brain, spine, and lymph nodes. TB spreads when a person with active TB in their lungs coughs, sneezes, or speaks, releasing tiny infectious droplets into the air. Infections like malaria also affect vulnerable groups — see Malaria Awareness.

Types of TB

  1. Latent TB Infection (LTBI)

    • The bacteria are present but inactive.

    • No symptoms and not contagious.

    • Can develop into active TB if untreated.

  2. Active TB

    • Bacteria multiply and cause symptoms.

    • Highly contagious when in the lungs.

  3. Drug-Resistant TB

    • Caused when TB bacteria resist standard drugs.

    • MDR-TB (multi-drug resistant): resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin.

    • XDR-TB (extensively drug resistant): resistant to even more drugs, making treatment difficult.

Causes and How TB Spreads

TB spreads through the air, but it is not spread by handshakes, sharing food, or touching surfaces. Risk of infection increases with:

  • Close contact with someone with active TB.

  • Living in crowded or poorly ventilated spaces.

  • Weakened immunity (HIV, malnutrition, or chronic illnesses).

Symptoms of Tuberculosis

Pulmonary TB (lungs)

  • Persistent cough (lasting more than 2–3 weeks)

  • Coughing up blood or sputum

  • Chest pain

  • Shortness of breath

General Symptoms

  • Unexplained weight loss

  • Night sweats

  • Fever and chills

  • Fatigue and weakness

Extrapulmonary TB (outside lungs)

  • Kidney TB → blood in urine

  • Spinal TB → back pain

  • Brain TB → headaches, seizures

Risk Factors

  • HIV/AIDS: The strongest risk factor; TB is a leading cause of death in HIV-positive people.

  • Malnutrition: Weakens immunity.

  • Smoking & Alcohol Use: Increase risk of developing active TB.

  • Healthcare Workers: Greater exposure to TB patients.

  • Diabetes: Increases susceptibility to TB.

Diagnosis of TB

Accurate and timely diagnosis is essential. Methods include:

  • Tuberculin Skin Test (Mantoux Test): A small injection under the skin shows reaction if TB infection is present.

  • Blood Tests (IGRA): Detect immune response to TB bacteria.

  • Chest X-Ray: Reveals lung damage typical of TB.

  • Sputum Smear Microscopy: Checks mucus for TB bacteria.

  • Molecular Tests (GeneXpert): Detect bacteria and drug resistance quickly.

Treatment of Tuberculosis

Standard Treatment

  • First-line drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.

  • Duration: 6–9 months.

  • DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course): Ensures patients complete their treatment.

Drug-Resistant TB

  • Requires second-line drugs (stronger and more toxic).

  • Treatment may last 18–24 months.

  • Newer drugs like bedaquiline and delamanid improve outcomes.

Importance of Adherence

Incomplete treatment leads to drug resistance, longer illness, and higher risk of death. Patients must take medication exactly as prescribed.

Complications if Untreated

  • Severe lung damage (fibrosis, cavities).

  • Spread of TB bacteria to bones, brain, and kidneys.

  • Respiratory failure.

  • Death.

Prevention of TB

  1. Vaccination (BCG Vaccine)

    • Protects infants and children from severe forms of TB.

    • Limited effectiveness in adults but still widely used.

  2. Infection Control

    • Good ventilation in living spaces.

    • Covering mouth and nose when coughing.

    • Wearing masks in healthcare settings.

  3. Preventive Treatment

    • Latent TB can be treated with preventive drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin).

  4. Healthy Lifestyle

    • Good nutrition, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking help strengthen immunity.

Global Burden of TB

  • TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide.

  • In 2022, about 10.6 million people fell ill with TB and 1.3 million died.

  • Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia carry the highest burden.

  • Drug-resistant TB is a growing global threat.

Myths and Misconceptions About TB

  • “TB only affects the poor.” → TB can affect anyone, though poverty increases risk.

  • “TB is hereditary.” → False. It is an infectious disease, not genetic.

  • “If you cough for weeks, it’s just cold.” → Persistent coughs should always be checked.

  • “Once treated, TB can’t come back.” → Relapse is possible, especially if treatment isn’t completed.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. Can TB be cured?
Yes. With proper treatment, most people are completely cured.

2. Is TB contagious?
Yes, pulmonary TB is contagious, but risk drops rapidly after starting treatment.

3. Can TB come back after treatment?
Yes, especially if treatment is not completed or if re-exposed.

4. Is the BCG vaccine enough to prevent TB?
It helps, especially in children, but does not guarantee full protection in adults.

5. Can healthy people get TB?
Yes, but strong immunity reduces the risk of active disease.

Conclusion

Tuberculosis is ancient, but it remains a modern threat. The good news is that TB is curable and preventable. Early detection, proper treatment, and strict prevention measures are the keys to defeating TB. Communities must work together to reduce stigma, encourage testing, and support those undergoing treatment.


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts

Kidney Health: Everything You Need to Know

-
Image
  Introduction Your kidneys are small but mighty organs that play an essential role in keeping your body healthy. Located on either side of your spine, these bean-shaped organs filter blood, remove waste, balance fluids, and help regulate blood pressure. Unfortunately, kidney diseases are becoming increasingly common worldwide — often going unnoticed until the damage is advanced. Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney issues — explore our Diabetes Awareness article. Protecting your kidneys is vital for a long, healthy life. Functions of the Kidneys The kidneys perform several critical functions: Filtering Waste: Removing toxins and excess fluids from the blood, which are excreted as urine. Balancing Fluids and Electrolytes: Regulating sodium, potassium, and pH balance. Blood Pressure Control: Producing hormones (renin) that regulate blood pressure. Red Blood Cell Production: Releasing erythropoietin, which signals bone marrow to make red blood cells. Bone Health: ...
Read more

Pregnancy and Childbirth: Everything You Need to Know

-
Image
  Introduction Pregnancy and childbirth are among the most transformative experiences in a woman’s life. While they bring joy and hope, they also involve significant physical, emotional, and social changes. Understanding the stages of pregnancy, the importance of prenatal care, and what to expect during labor and delivery helps parents prepare for a safe and positive journey into parenthood. Emotional changes after birth are common — read our Postpartum Mental Health guide. What is Pregnancy? Pregnancy begins when a fertilized egg implants itself into the lining of the uterus. It usually lasts about 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period and is divided into three trimesters . The Three Trimesters First Trimester (0–13 weeks): Early development of organs, morning sickness, fatigue. Second Trimester (14–27 weeks): Growth of the baby, noticeable baby bump, reduced nausea. Third Trimester (28–40 weeks): Baby gains weight, mother experiences backaches, swe...
Read more

Acid Reflux & GERD: Causes, Symptoms, and Natural Relief

-
Image
  Introduction Nearly everyone has experienced heartburn — that burning sensation in the chest after a big meal — at least once. But when acid reflux happens frequently, it may signal Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) , a chronic digestive disorder that affects millions worldwide. GERD is more than a simple annoyance — if left untreated, it can damage the esophagus and increase the risk of serious complications. This article explores what acid reflux and GERD are, their causes, symptoms, complications, and natural remedies , along with tips for prevention and medical treatment. What is Acid Reflux & GERD? Acid Reflux Acid reflux occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus (the tube connecting your throat and stomach). The lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscular ring, usually keeps acid in the stomach — but when it relaxes at the wrong time, acid escapes upward, causing discomfort. GERD GERD is diagnosed when acid reflux occurs more than twice a week or lead...
Read more

Child Nutrition: Building Healthy Eating Habits from the Start

-
Image
  Introduction Nutrition plays a critical role in a child’s growth, development, and overall health. The early years are particularly important, as the foundation for lifelong eating habits and health outcomes is built during this time. With so much information — and misinformation — available, parents often feel overwhelmed when deciding what to feed their children. This guide provides clear, reliable insights into child nutrition, covering what children need at each stage, common challenges, and practical tips to encourage healthy eating. Proper nutrition and immunization go hand in hand — see Vaccinations for Children . Why Child Nutrition Matters Growth and Development: Proper nutrition supports bone growth, brain development, and muscle strength. Immune System Boost: A healthy diet protects children from infections and illnesses. Long-Term Health: Reduces the risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease later in life. Cognitive Function: Adequate nutrition i...
Read more

Breastfeeding: Benefits, Challenges, and Tips for New Mothers

-
Image
  Breastfeeding: Benefits, Challenges, and Tips for New Mothers Introduction Breastfeeding is one of the most natural and powerful ways to nourish a newborn. It provides not only essential nutrition but also immunity, bonding, and emotional support. Despite its many benefits, breastfeeding can be challenging, and new mothers often need guidance and encouragement. This article explores the benefits, challenges, myths, and practical tips to help new mothers succeed in their breastfeeding journey. What is Breastfeeding? Breastfeeding is the process of feeding an infant with milk directly from the mother’s breasts. The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, followed by continued breastfeeding along with complementary foods up to two years and beyond. Breastfeeding lays the foundation for child nutrition — explore Child Nutrition tips. Nutritional Benefits of Breastfeeding Perfect Nutrition: Breast milk contai...
Read more